Historical Fiction

Daughters of the Sun and Moon

A Novel

Beloved New York Times bestselling author Lisa See draws on the vibrancy and turmoil of post-Civil War Los Angeles to tell the story of three Chinese women who managed to survive and, eventually, thrive, despite all odds.

In 1870, three Chinese women arrive in the small, dusty, and violent pueblo of Los Angeles. Dove, the bound-footed daughter of an imperial scholar, is entrancing and innocent, poised to fulfill her role as a daughter with an arranged marriage to a much older merchant. Petal, the big-footed daughter of peasants, is arriving on the shores of Gold Mountain—America—after being sold into servitude by her parents. And Moon, married to a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine, is educated and beautiful, yet her failed foot binding as a child has left her with a limp that lessens her value in the eyes of many.

Each woman has her own desires. Dove wants to love and be loved, Petal desires freedom, and Moon seeks justice. Together they face a ruthless society, devoid of goodwill and increasingly hostile to all three women, despite their different backgrounds. Set during a period of rampant anti-Chinese sentiment in Los Angeles, Daughters of the Sun and Moon is a gripping tale of an exhilarating but tumultuous society in a fever pitch, and three women who must navigate its unique challenges. In the wake of the real-life Night of Horrors, a long-forgotten, bloody episode of American history, Dove, Petal, and Moon are brought together by hardship and heartbreak, and they must use their bravery, endurance, and ability to “eat bitterness” to discover their voices, find freedom, and connect through solace and friendship. Together they are daughters of the sun and moon.

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Praise & Reviews

Publishers Weekly “Best Books of Summer” Staff Reads Pick

Indie Next Pick for June

A June Library Reads Hall of Fame Selection

A June Amazon Best of the Month Selection

An Apple Books Staff Pick for June


“Stirring…See builds a taut story from precise details…See offers an inspiring vision of female resilience.”
Publishers Weekly

“See offers a stunning piece of historical fiction based in truth. It will touch readers with the characters’ resilience, heroism, and devoted friendship.”
Library Journal

“In Daughters of the Sun and Moon, Lisa See once again delivers a luminous, deeply affecting novel. With her signature blend of historical richness and emotional depth, she brings to life women from vastly different social classes who are nonetheless bound by the shared realities of anti-Chinese discrimination and the constraints placed on them as women. Their intertwined stories are both heartbreaking and empowering, revealing resilience, sisterhood, and the unyielding pursuit of dignity.  This is historical fiction at its most powerful—intimate, unflinching, and unforgettable.”
—Bookmiser

“See’s narrative brims with historical detail… Poignant and fascinating, Daughters of the Sun and Moon is a heart-pounding frontier narrative and a tender tribute to female friendship.”
Shelf Awareness

“See excels at the ‘wordless communion of women,’ portraying three disparate personalities drawing strength from and helping each other survive. Moments of beautifully rendered heartbreak will have tremendous appeal for fans of women’s fiction and historical fiction readers interested in Chinese culture.”
Booklist

“Lisa See does not disappoint with her ability to find little-known events in Chinese history and bring them to life through unforgettable women. While this novel contains graphic scenes of violence, it is an important reminder that hate begets hate, and that we are all not so different, no matter our backgrounds.”
—Amazon Editorial Director Sarah Gelman’s Personal Pick for June

“Moon, Dove and Petal, came to Los Angeles, when little more than beauty and compliance was often expected of women by their culture. Their past and expected futures differ, but a cautious connection is made between the doctor’s wife, the new second wife and the enslaved woman who is to be “the wife of a hundred husbands”. In a place where Chinese women may have no rights, no legal standing, few if any choices, making choices, taking chances can be life threatening but the only option to survive. Through Petal, Dove and Moon, Lisa See shares the reality of early Chinese immigrant life. As a fraction of the Los Angeles population, the strong Chinese community became a focus for frustration and anger by white folk, One October night in 1871, the community was horrifically devastated by violence. Any who survived needed to rely on the making choices and taking chances. A really fine historical novel shares truth and expands the reader’s perceptions of world and those we share it with The Daughters of the Sun and Moon does just that with memorable characters, careful research and strong storytelling.”
—Becky Milner, Vintage Books

“Over the course of almost two centuries America has been a place of intense discrimination and onerous legislation against the Asian community.  The history has been well documented in works such as Michael Luo’s Strangers in the Land and Lisa See uses those accounts and her own family history to put a fictional face upon the bigotry and violence.  She takes the stories of three disparate Chinese women and sets them in Los Angeles during the Night of Horrors, the appellation placed upon the 1871 massacre of numerous Chinese immigrants.  Moon, Dove and Petal represent different levels of society and took extremely different paths to Los Angeles but share in the deprivation practiced against women and those of their nationality.  Their story is powerful and resonates on every level, from their era until the present.”
—Bill Cusumano, Square Books

“Lisa See has written another exquisite novel, this time based on her own family history during the Los Angeles Chinese Massacre of 1871. I was completely immersed in the beautiful yet tragic story of Moon, Dove, and Petal, who endure hardship, abuse, and tragedy, yet ultimately find freedom and strength together. Steeped in fact, infused with true-to-life characters, I hung on to every page. This novel is historical fiction gold.”
—Donna Staub, The Well-Read Moose

“One of my favorite reads of the year so far.”
—Erik Daniells, Pleasant Pheasant Books

“Wow. This was my first Lisa See book, but it will not be my last. This story, which follows three Chinese women in 1870s Los Angeles, is steeped in rich history with a beautiful female friendship at its core. I learned so much while reading–not only about the harrowing Night of Horrors which the novel is based around–but also about Chinese medicinal practices and cultural traditions. The story is haunting, the writing poetic, and the bravery of each woman unforgettable.”
—Georgia Sprague, Country Bookshelf

“As we have learned over the years, Lisa See has a gift. She tells stories about Chinese and Chinese-American women who carry forward the strength and persistence that add so much to our history. Ah, the names…. Dove, Moon, Petal. Beautiful and gentle. But their names belie the truth about these women of mid-1800’s California. From different backgrounds (some high, some low), they have come to Los Angeles to frame new lives. What they find is more of the same or worse than what they already had. But they also find friendship. And then comes the disaster of 1871 – the Night of Horrors. Yet, relying on their friendship and ability to ‘eat bitterness,’ they move forward in challenge to life. They will survive; more than that, they will thrive!”
—Linda Bond, Auntie’s Bookstore

“No one writes about the Chinese/American experience like Lisa See. Petal, Dove, and Moon all arrive in California, but they each have their unique heartbreak and tragedy in this new and violent land. Thoroughly researched, and beautifully executed, Daughters of the Sun and Moon illustrates the fortitude of these women in dire circumstances. Forced to face a future beyond their choosing, they survive unbearable odds and forge their own destiny. This is another impressive and riveting work of historical fiction.”
—Pamela Klinger-Horn, The Valley Bookseller

“Lisa See and all of her titles have been a staple for BookTowne over the years.  She’s been one of the most pleasant authors to work with!  (She Facetimed (pre ZOOM) with our book club years back) and shared tea with us!  This book will do extremely well for us.”
—Peter Albertelli, Booktowne

“We are BIG fans of Lisa See and excited for Daughters of the Sun and Moon.”
—Polly Buxton, Buxton Books

“Thank you for the opportunity to read an ARC of Daughters of the Sun and Moon by Lisa See. I really liked it and have submitted it for Indie Next List and have done reviews on a handful of sites. Lisa See has another great book!”
—Barbara Wojcik, Page 158 Books

“I was so excited to see a new Lisa See book coming out and I am not disappointed! I felt transported to 1870 Los Angeles and could feel how each main character longed for freedom. I loved watching the friendship between Moon, Petal, and Dove deepen as they faced – and ultimately overcame – challenges rooted in their gender and nationality. If you like character driven historical fiction, I highly recommend this book!”
—R. Stafeil, Sidetrack Bookshop

“This beautiful novel casts a clear eye on class and society in 1870s California. It follows the path of three women from China to Lo Sang (present day Los Angeles) where their circumstances change little. In fact, their role in society is even more constrained upon arrival in the United States. The three women have very different paths, yet their lives are braided together. A beautiful exploration of how community, friendship, and collaboration can overcome exploitation.”
—Travelin’ Storyteller

Excerpt

Audio Excerpt

WORTHLESS GIRL (PETAL)

A Go-Away Child

The 3rd to 17th day of the 5th month in the 9th year of the Tung Chee emperor’s reign

(June 1–14, 1870)

“Worthless Girl,” Mama says, addressing me by the nickname my parents gave me when I came into the world, “every creature of our sex is born a go-away child.” She puts a hand on my cheek. “Daughters, without exception, are goods on which families lose. You and your sisters have proved this to be true. Still, you have always obeyed, and you’ve been gentle with your brothers and sisters.” She rarely praises me, and I lower my head in acknowledgment of this special moment. Now she lifts my chin with her fingertips. “Listen to your father, and don’t be afraid.”

“Come,” Baba says sharply. “I want to get to the port in Rice City, sell our vegetables, and return home before dark—”

“I wish I had something to give you for good luck,” Mama says to me, ignoring Baba. When she blinks back tears, I know she’s remembering the gold earrings she received upon marriage that she had to pawn years ago so Baba could buy rice seed, only to watch the crop fail during the drought. I may be worthless, but Baba says I have the gift of growing. We’ve survived on the shrunken and deformed cabbages, green onions, and snow peas I’ve helped to eke out of our kitchen garden. We had hoped to yield seeds from this year’s meager crop, but a howling wind blew them away a few nights ago. Our hope now is to sell our tiny harvest and use the money to purchase seeds. Baba says he already has a buyer—a cook on a ship.

 

I smile at Mama. “I don’t need anything. I will be home by nightfall with a story to tell the little ones.”

I turn away, slip my arms through the straps of a basket filled with the vegetables we picked before dawn, and heft the load onto my back. My father sets out and I follow. At the end of the lane, I stop, turn, and wave to my mother and siblings. Mama brushes at her eyes, running the backs of her fingers up her forehead and smoothing her hair. My brothers and sisters stand together in a little group. Those old enough to understand what’s happening are happy for me to have this adventure. Third Sister has our baby brother strapped to her back. My first brother, Ah Loo, is barely thirteen—five years younger than I am. We have always been close, because we’ve shared the responsibilities of caring for our siblings and doing chores. Ah Loo holds our second brother, who recently reached three years, by the hand. I said goodbye to Second Sister earlier this morning. Right now she’s on the pallet we share for sleeping. She has the wasting disease and will be in the same place when I return tonight.

I hurry to catch up to Baba as he scurries through Moon Pond Village. My world is small—our house of two rooms and an outdoor kitchen, our three mou of land, and our home village of around seventy people, all of whom I’m related to. We share more than blood. We are all poor, and we are all hungry. “Farmers should never have empty stomachs,” Baba often says, “and yet here we are.” The lack of rain these past years has made growing anything difficult, but it’s been particularly brutal for cultivating rice. I am thin. Some might even say I’m underdeveloped for my age. I look more like I’m fourteen than the eighteen years I have. I was born in the Year of the Black Water Rat, which means I’m recognized for my diligence, craftiness, and thrift—all good qualities for a wife—and yet I have not been married out. We’ve had few weddings between our village and neighboring villages these past years. No one wants to marry in another mouth to feed. I am not the only Worthless Girl in our county.

After we pass the last building, we edge around the pond for which our village is named. It’s been empty of fish for several years now. We’ve also harvested and eaten every last strand of algae. And, of course, the water level has dropped so low that I can see the muddy bottom. As soon as we leave the pond behind, Baba’s pace quickens, his bare, calloused feet nimbly trotting along the narrow dirt path that divides the dried-out rice paddies. I too am barefoot, sure in my steps, lightly navigating the packed strip of earth.

We’re in the fifth lunar month. Spring, when the poplars send their bothersome white balls of fluff in every direction, is fully behind us. The air is hot. The sky above me is gray and heavy with humidity. Sweat drips down the back of my neck and seeps into my tunic, but I don’t complain. This is the Year of the Horse. The Horse always features in myths and fables because it transports heroes and heroines. The Year of the Horse celebrates power and freedom. I’m living that right now! To have the opportunity to visit Rice City is a great gift—one I hope Baba will give me again.

It’s not long before we’ve gone farther from home than I’ve ever been, so I can’t compare what I’m seeing with anything beyond what I already know, which is almost nothing. Some fields look worse than the ones around Moon Pond. Some look about the same. To see another village for the first time, and then another, and another? Whether bigger or smaller than Moon Pond, they all have something in common. Each village looks starved. Thatched roofs sag. No sounds come from ducks or chickens, let alone pigs, because none remain. No smoke swirls up from cooking fires, because there’s nothing to cook. No children laugh, giggle, or sing, because these activities require too much energy. All this I recognize, because I remember when I was a little girl and life was different.

When we reach the outskirts of Rice City, my eyes struggle to take in what I’m seeing. So many buildings and humans are packed together that it feels like all the stones and people of Moon Pond have gathered in the village square for a festival. Except this is what Rice City looks like block after block. When Baba has told us stories of coming here, I’ve listened with half an ear, because they’ve seemed not just an exaggeration but wholly made-up. He’s spoken of gweilo—white ghosts—with alabaster skin and hair in the demon colors of yellow, brown, and red. But now here they are. Real, and as ugly and scary as Baba said. The foreigners wear clothes, shoes or boots, and hats made from materials and in styles I don’t recognize. The men have bushy hair growing out of their faces. Disgusting. Many of the gweilo ride in rickshaws. Baba’s told us about these too. I’d thought he was teasing us with yet another make-believe story. But men—barefoot and skinny, like Baba and me—pull rickshaws with a gweilo man or woman, or sometimes both, sitting in them. My heart empties, realizing the pullers have it even worse than our long-dead water buffalo who Baba used to drag rocks from our land.

None of my dreams or Baba’s stories have prepared me for seeing the river and docks. Small sampans with their single rowers bob in the water, but there are also ships and junks of all sizes being loaded and unloaded of cargo and people. Baba stops several times to ask strangers for directions to the boat with the cook who promised to buy our produce. We wend our way through the crowds and activity. When we find the boat, there’s enough noise and commotion that I can’t hear what Baba says to the man who stands by the narrow wooden bridge that leads up to the deck. Baba nods and motions to me. I follow him across the little bridge and onto the deck. An old woman approaches.

“You may address me as Auntie,” she says. “Are you hungry? Have you eaten?” Before either of us can answer, she leads us to a small table with some overturned crates set like stools around it. “Sit,” she orders, and we obey. Even though the ship is tied to the dock, I feel gentle swaying caused by the water beneath us. Behind the old woman is another table topped with big vats of food—probably to feed the crew. My mouth waters at the aromas of rice, soy sauce, garlic, and ginger. The auntie pours tea into heavy earthenware cups. “Before the sale,” she says, “you both need to sign papers.”

This seems peculiar, since neither my father nor I knows how to read or write, but Baba nods as though he does this all the time. The auntie places two pieces of paper on the table and regards them with all the seriousness of a scholar studying for the imperial exams. Things are written on the papers, but even I recognize they aren’t Chinese characters. She pulls one of the sheets closer to her. At the bottom is a blank area with a line drawn across it.

“What name should I use?” she asks.

“We call her Worthless Girl,” Baba answers, “but the name recorded in the ancestral temple is Sing Ye.”

This is all so strange, but the delicious smells coming from the food table distract me. My stomach growls so loudly that the old woman laughs. Blood rushes to my face, and I put a hand on my belly, trying but failing to quiet it. I shouldn’t be so embarrassed, because the auntie has already turned her attention to a new activity. She pulls out a brush, dips it in ink, and brings it to the empty space on the paper above the line. Ink begins to travel across the page. Again, these are not Chinese characters, which may have many strokes, but each individual word would fit into a tidy square. Instead, what she writes comes out in a long trail from left to right, all connected, like a snake slithering across sand. She creates these flowing designs, each with a flourish at the end, on both sheets of paper. She examines her work, nods to herself, and sets the brush aside. Then she slides the papers across the table so that one is in front of me and the other is before my father. I glance at him out of the corner of my eye, but he turns his gaze away, looking over the bow of the boat to the activities happening on the dock.

“It’s all simple,” she says to Baba as she pours ink into a saucer. “It outlines exactly what the cook told you.”

Baba dips his thumb in the ink and then presses it on the paper. When he’s done, he gestures for me to do the same. After I’ve made my mark, the auntie says, “Give me your hands.” I do as I’m told and watch and listen in astonishment as she counts out silver coins into my cupped palms. I’ve never seen so much money in my life.

“That makes forty Mexican dollars,” she explains. “Now give them to your baba for safekeeping.”

I’m more than happy to do that, because I don’t want the responsibility of carrying such a fortune. What if I lost it?

Baba receives the coins and slips them into his pockets. Then he silently stands, picks up the piece of paper with his thumbprint, folds it, and tucks it in his tunic against his chest.

“Go along now,” the old woman says to him. “Take your baskets to the cook.” She pats my hand. “Your daughter can stay with me. I’ll give her something to eat. When you return, your bowl will be ready.”

After slinging his basket onto his shoulders, he picks up the one I brought and props it on his hip like he’s carrying one of my siblings. He reaches down and squeezes my shoulder. “I’ll be right back.”

But I barely pay attention, because the auntie has opened one of the food vats. She fills a bowl with steaming rice and tops it with stir-fried vegetables. She slides it and a pair of chopsticks across the table to me with the same ease and hospitality that she did the papers and ink.

“Eat.”

I don’t need her encouragement. The first bite tells me this isn’t merely vegetables and rice. There are slivers of pork too. I haven’t tasted meat in too many months to count. I force myself to slow down, chew, enjoy. I’m trying to memorize every detail so I can tell my sisters and brothers about what I’ve seen and done when from somewhere out of sight comes a deep vibration that pulses through the boat. I startle, frightened.

“Baba?” I look around, realizing he should have returned by now. To my right, the buildings are moving. Only they aren’t moving. It’s the boat that’s moving. I stand so quickly that I tip over my bowl. “Baba,” I call.

I take a step, but the auntie grabs my wrist. I try to shake away, but she’s surprisingly strong.

“Baba!” I scream.

The old woman’s grip tightens. She gestures to a couple of men on the deck. “If you fight,” she rasps, all traces of the kindly auntie gone, “things will become difficult for you very fast. It’s best if you go belowdecks. It’s better not to see what you’re leaving behind.”

The boat is in the middle of the river. Even if I could evade the men, I can’t jump overboard because I don’t know how to swim. And even if I did, there’s so much river traffic, I’d probably be hit by a boat or ship.

The men reach us. The auntie releases me, and each man takes one of my arms. She picks up the piece of paper with my thumbprint, folds it, and shoves it into one of my pockets.

“Don’t lose this,” she says. “It explains everything. Your father has sold you to the Hip Yee Tong. You belong to them now. You are going to Gold Mountain—America. You have a whole new life ahead of you.”

Before I can respond or ask questions, the men steer me across the deck like I’m a prisoner, through a door, and down some stairs. Another door is opened, and I’m pushed inside.

“We’ll come back for you when we reach Hong Kong,” one of the men says gruffly, and then he shuts and locks the door.

I edge backward until I hit a wall. I slide to the floor. I begin to sob—in fear, in anger, in disappointment. These feelings are not directed at Mama and Baba, who must have planned this together. No, my emotions are aimed like arrows straight at my heart. I let the idea of an adventure with my father blind me to the meaning behind what I was seeing and experiencing—Mama’s unusual praise, my brothers and sisters brought together to say goodbye, Mama wiping her eyes when Baba and I walked away. Then, once I boarded the boat, I allowed the lure of food to trick me into not paying attention to what was happening around me. Now I try to make sense of what the auntie said: I have been sold to something named the Hip Yee Tong, which means nothing to me, and I am going to Gold Mountain—a place to which some men in our village have gone and never returned. A feeling of panic overwhelms me. Will I be able to escape? Will I ever see my family again?

A few hours later, the two men come to retrieve me. They haul me to the deck. We’re in a port much larger than the one in Rice City. The dock is busier too, and the ships make this boat seem small. The old woman is nowhere to be seen. One of the men ties a rope around my neck. “In case you think about running away,” he warns. I’m led off the boat and through swarms of people and stacks of baggage and crates of goods. And the noise! The grinding of ship engines. Men yelling orders in languages I don’t understand. Vendors shouting about their wares. The sound of rickshaw, wagon, and buggy wheels against cobblestones. Even if I didn’t have the rope around my neck and muscled men gripping my arms, I’d be too frightened to break free.

We come to a huge ship, with a black chimney coughing smoke, three masts, and a round thing on the side that one of the men tells me is called a paddle wheel. A narrow wooden bridge leads to a high deck; another goes to a lower deck. The two men lead me across the bottom bridge to an area cordoned off with ropes. Inside, a group of girls—some around my age, a handful a bit older, and a few still little things—huddle together. Many of them cry. Garbled words come through the sounds of weeping, the internal rumblings of the ship, and all the noise from the dock.

“Mama . . .”

“Help . . .”

“Why?”

“Take me home.”

The rope is removed from my neck, and I’m pushed into the holding area. The two men leave. The sun beats down. From the deck above us, white ghosts dressed in their strange clothes lean on railings and stare down at us like we’re newborn piglets in a pen.

A guard climbs on a crate and motions for us to be quiet. “We’re waiting for a few more of you to arrive, and then we’ll depart. The voyage will take thirty-three days, if we have good weather. We will stop in Okinawa and Honolulu before we reach San Francisco. I tell you these things so you don’t pester the crew with questions. You will not be getting off the ship, nor will you be allowed on deck.”

His words mean almost nothing to me. I’m not the only one to be confused, as proven by the wails of fear rising up around me. One of the little girls comes to stand next to me. She gulps big heaving breaths through her sobs. She can’t be more than six, maybe seven years old. I don’t know how to comfort her when I’m doing everything I can to hold in my own emotions.

It’s not long before a group of about fifty girls and young women are brought on board and join us. Some carry bundles with bedding and what I presume to be clothes and toiletries. It’s then I realize I have nothing—not even a tooth scraper. My despair deepens. How could Mama and Baba have not considered what I might need?

I’m about to succumb to tears when the oddest sight yet comes into view. It’s a girl my age, maybe a bit younger. She’s accompanied by a Chinese man who wears the strange attire of the gweilo, the white ghosts. Together they slowly cross the little bridge to the higher deck. She’s dressed in green silk embroidered with white butterflies. Her hair is pulled tight across her head, glossed with oil, and pinned into a bun. She has bound feet. They are so tiny they look like my baby brother’s feet. Her hands are tucked in her opposite sleeves, so the only flesh I see is the skin of her cheeks, which is as pale as the moon. She does not look panicked. She’s not crying. She seems fully at ease, maybe even happy. When she reaches the upper deck, she pauses. She smiles as her eyes sweep across what she must be able to see of the city from up there, and then she willingly follows a few paces behind the man until she disappears from sight.

A few minutes later, the guard shouts, “Come with me.” We’re poked and prodded by other men, who funnel us through a door. The little girl grabs hold of my tunic and follows behind me like a tail. We go down several sets of stairs and into a huge room filled with beds stacked in tiers of three—row after row of them. The room is dark—with no windows, a low ceiling, and lit by a few oil lamps. It’s even hotter down here than on the deck, and the air smells of vomit, urine, and feces. A wave of nausea washes over me.

“Find a bed and don’t complain,” the guard yells. “Meals will be brought every morning and evening. Have the honeypots by the door for removal at these times.” He pauses. The sounds of weeping echo off the walls. “You can cry or scream as loud as you want. No one will hear you. And even if they do, no one will care.”

With that, he leaves. Most of us are too confused and frightened to know what to do. When a few women choose their beds, the rest of us begin to move. Is it better to be on the bottom, middle, or top? I choose the middle. The little girl climbs onto the middle bed in the tier next to mine. She rolls onto her side and stares at me with dull eyes. No straw, matting, or quilts have been provided. I’m skinny, and my bones rub against the wooden slats. The bed above me is so close that my elbow remains bent when I reach up to touch it. The bed itself is so narrow that I barely fit on it. When I stretch my arms out to the sides, I can reach the beds to the left and right of me. Overall, I feel like I’m in a coffin.

After a half hour, another fifty or so women are brought into the room, followed later by another batch about the same size. Each woman or girl blinks, trying to accustom herself to the darkness. I see it again and again: eyes coming into focus, widening in shock as they take in the surroundings, and then a veil coming down to try to hide their terror, anger, or sorrow.

The ship starts to move. Not long after we leave the shelter of the port the ship begins to heave as it plows through the swells. I can’t imagine what’s happening outside or even what the open sea must look like. My stomach churns. I’m not the only one affected by the constant, unpredictable lurching. Women and girls run to the honeypots to throw up. I feel momentary relief when the meal the old auntie gave me leaves my stomach. That trickery is outside my body now, but it reminds me never to forget how I was taken in by what seemed like kindness. Soon enough, though, the tossing of the sea once again roils my stomach. What floats in the honeypot during my next visit makes me sicker still. The air reeks. It’s as though we’ve all died and been sent to the eighteenth level of hell. I weep. Why did Mama and Baba do this to me? The little girl on the bed across from mine lowers herself to the ground and climbs up next to me. She puts a hand on my cheek, much like Mama did this morning. The child’s fingers are hot, burning through my flesh, reminding me that I am still alive.

*

Two weeks have passed. Without windows, it’s hard to tell day from night, but the passage of time is set by the arrival of our meals. We are more than two hundred women and girls—some as young as five—who live together in this hold. We tell ourselves it must not be easy to cook for so many mouths, because the food is almost inedible. We receive watery jook in the morning, sometimes with pickled vegetables as flavoring. The rice porridge is easy going down and just as easy coming back up. At night, dinner is delivered in huge tubs—rice with overly cooked cabbage, which smells awful. Sometimes I see a chunk of meat with the hair still attached to it in my bowl. At first, I avoided these morsels, but now I eat them so I can remain strong.

We’re all filthy. The men who remove the honeypots and bring back the still-dirty empties are the same ones who bring buckets of salt water for us to use for washing. The first ten people to use a bucket are fortunate. After that, what’s the use? I stink. My hair hangs in strings. Even though I rub my teeth with the hem of my tunic and rinse with tea twice  a day, my mouth feels foul. A week ago, my monthly moon water arrived. Auntie Lau, an old woman not unlike the one who handled my sale, who also works for the Hip Yee Tong, gave me some rags so I could take care of myself.

The next day, Auntie Lau announced she would be giving us new flower names, explaining, “You’re all familiar with the stories of the Four Great Beauties. I am reminded of Yang Kuei-fei, whose face made the flowers hide in embarrassment when she passed.” She paused to make sure we understood the insult. Then she went on. “But why would I want to shame you this way? I wouldn’t.” (Even though she just had.) “You will now live on Gold Mountain. What better way to start your new future than with a name that is beautiful and honors the new land?” She took one look at me and named me Petal. I wasn’t worth an entire flower, while there must be dozens of Lilies, Chrysanthemums, and Jasmines down here. Auntie Lau masquerades as our friend and advisor, but in actuality she’s a guard who makes sure we understand that we are interchangeable, that we—as merchandise—aren’t damaged during the voyage, and that we learn to accept our situation. I’ve learned that I’m traveling on the Pacific Mail Steamship Company’s Great Republic. I’ve learned that during a storm, I need to wedge myself in my bunk to keep from being tossed to the ground. I’ve learned many new words: steamship, hold, gangplank, crew members, bunks, California.

I’ve made friends with the women and girls who sleep in the bunks around mine. The worst of the weeping and seasickness has ended, at least for now. Still, we all long for home. Those who knew what was happening to them had the wherewithal to bring a small satchel of dirt from their home villages. When loneliness gets to be too much to bear, they mix a few grains of the soil in hot water and drink a bit of home. But at least half of us, including me, don’t have the benefits of this tonic, so we’re left to suffer.

Tonight, we cluster together on two of the lowest beds and on the narrow strip of floor between them to talk awhile before the lanterns are dimmed. The child who found me on the first horrible day sits next to me. Her name is Pearl, a pretty name that she’s been allowed to keep.  She was sold by her parents to become a mooi-tsai—a little daughter-in-law, a servant. She rarely speaks.

“I hope my husband is handsome,” Lotus says. She’s been given this name because it symbolizes purity and fertility. “The auntie who negotiated my wedding contract with Baba said he is, but—”

“Why would you believe anything that woman said?” a girl newly named Poppy asks. She looks from face to face. “How many of us were told we were going to marry Gold Mountain men?”

A couple of girls tap their chests, acknowledging that they have also been promised this future.

We have variations of this conversation nightly. The only thing keeping the Great Republic from sinking from the weight of heartbreak are those women who still insist that happy futures lie ahead.

“I want to believe my father arranged a marriage for me,” Rose Blossom says. “But if that were true, then why did the old woman on the boat say I was now owned by the Hip Yee Tong?”

Lotus reaches into her pocket, pulls out a piece of paper, and unfolds it. “It says right here that I’m to be married.”

Poppy snorts. “You can’t read that. You have no idea what it says.”

“But the auntie said—”

“Whatever the auntie told you is probably a lie,” Poppy interrupts. “If we are all to be married to Gold Mountain men, then why didn’t our families rejoice with us? Where were the red envelopes? Why didn’t they put our dowries on the ship?”

“In my case, there was no money for a dowry,” I admit, a part of me wanting to believe a wedding is in my future.

“But did your family receive a bride price?” Poppy asks. “Did you see money and goods delivered to your parents as a thank-you for having fed and clothed a daughter until her marriage?”

We silently take this in. These are truths none of us can ignore.

“I wish I could do everything differently,” someone mutters.

The wood has already become a boat,” Poppy recites. “There is no going back.” And then she laughs, realizing how accurate the aphorism is to our situation. No one joins her.

“You’ve heard my story already,” Jasmine says. “I willingly signed a contract. I wanted my family to have the money. Now they can eat. In a few years, I’ll return from the Gold Mountain in clothes of silk and brocade, with my pockets filled with gold.”

“You are so stupid,” someone on the bed opposite mine says with a sniff. “We have all heard the tales of men who, before we were born, went there in search of gold. They were supposed to come home rich. They didn’t. Then men went to work on the railroad. They were supposed to be away for a few years and then come home with pockets overflowing. That didn’t happen either. Many of them never returned at all. Stories are told of families that are lucky to receive the bones of their dead father, husband, or son.”

“No money,” Poppy adds. “No piles of gold. Just bones.”

I circle back to something Rose Blossom said earlier. “I was also told I’d been sold to the Hip Yee Tong.” A low chorus of “me toos” hums around me, even from beyond our little group. “But what is that?” I ask.

“I know the answer,” Chrysanthemum says with a sigh. Auntie Lau told us that the chrysanthemum is a symbol of autumn, friendship, and intellectual pursuits. I can’t tell if any of those attributes are accurate for this Chrysanthemum. “The tongs started in the Big City of San Francisco as benevolent associations. They helped our countrymen when they arrived to find lodging and jobs during the Gold Rush and later during the building of the railroad.”

“I heard they make loans to our countrymen who wish to open shops, laundries, or a place to eat a bowl of noodles,” someone chimes in.

“The tongs still do those things,” Chrysanthemum goes on, “but now many of them run gambling and opium dens. They also operate the bawdy houses where we’re being sent. They are nothing more than criminals.” “All that can’t be true,” Lotus mumbles.

Another woman takes a more strident approach. “How do you know so much?” she demands of Chrysanthemum.

Chrysanthemum’s voice fills with sadness as she answers. “When my baba sold me, he explicitly asked for what purpose. The auntie was blunt. The tong is going to rent me out to many men every day. I’m to become a lougeui—a woman always holding up her legs.”

No one wants to hear this. No one wants to believe it.

“Are you girls complaining again?” This comes from Auntie Lau, who’s arrived to make her rounds of the hold before bedtime. “Paah . . . It does no good.”

We’re taught to revere our elders, but I have no respect for Auntie Lau, and I don’t trust a word that comes out of her mouth.

“Truly, you are lucky,” Auntie Lau continues. “Not so long ago, ships like these carried haak gwei—black ghosts—across a different ocean to the Gold Mountain. When those men and women made the journey, they were chained for the entire crossing. No ships carry that cargo now. Instead they carry people like you.”

Every word from her mouth plants another stone in my belly. No matter what she says, we are not lucky.

Later, Pearl and I curl together on my bunk. I worry about what’s to become of her, become of me, become of each and every woman and girl on the ship. Aiya. Not every woman and girl. What about the white women in their long dresses and hats or that Chinese girl who boarded when I was still on the deck? We two could not be more different: I have big, bare feet that have never worn a pair of sandals, let alone shoes; that girl’s feet are bound and encased in tiny, embroidered slippers. I’m from the countryside, dark-skinned, and smelly from being unable to wash; somewhere above me, that girl is in her own room. She’s dressed in silk. She’s pale, clean, and perfumed.

I fall asleep to the rocking of the ship, the feel of Pearl’s breath on the back of my neck, and the sounds of women weeping and whispering as they try to comfort each other.

Copyright © 2026 Lisa See

Discussion Guide

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Discussion Questions

  1. The book begins with a newspaper excerpt from the Los Angeles Gazette that immediately reveals the deep-rooted racism toward Chinese individuals in California at the time of the novel. How does this help set up the story, and what purpose do the excerpts serve as they continue to appear at the beginning of each of the book’s five parts?
  2. Within the first chapter, we discover the importance of a persons’s Chinese zodiac sign and how the year they were born in contains characteristics that are intrinsic and innate to who they are. In your group, discuss each person’s Chinese zodiac sign and whether, like Dove, they “carry within [themselves] the qualities of that creature.”
  3. Dove is described in the author’s note as “a young wife, seen in the present as an object but from afar,” and she’s the only character whose story is told in the third person. Why do you think it was important to Lisa that Petal’s and Moon’s stories be told actively/reflectively through the first person, but Dove’s story is told from afar? (You might consider the kidnapping, when she is moved around like a package.)
  4. Each part begins with lines from the philosopher and poet Lao Tzu. What do you think Lisa intended for the reader to take away from these words?
  5. Moon writes: “Dove wanted to love and be loved, Petal craved freedom, and I sought justice. But I could be wrong. Maybe I’m the one who longed for love, while Petal looked for justice, and Dove needed to find freedom” (page 25). Could there be a third way to see the women—that Dove wanted justice, Petal wanted love, and Moon wanted freedom?
  6. Sex is described in different ways: “the husband-wife thing,” “bed business,” and “clouds and rain.” Who uses which term, and does that change over time?
  7. Discuss some of the aphorisms about women: “Noodles are not real food, and women are not real human beings” (page 43). “An educated woman is a worthless woman” (page 51). “Let three women sit together and disaster will fall within three days” (page 72). “A woman without a husband is like a house without a roof beam” (page 80) And that’s just in the first eighty pages! What are some others in the novel, and what’s your reaction to them? In what ways do Moon, Petal, and Dove adhere to or totally ignore these strictures about women?
  8. How is the English language learned or not learned by the characters in the novel? What opportunities does knowing English give? How do we see this today?
  9. Discuss the friendship that develops between Moon, Petal, and Dove. When do you think true friendship forms? What do each of them gain from the other two? How does their connection change the trajectory of their lives?
  10. Dove has bound feet, Petal’s feet were never bound, and Moon has a deformed foot from an infection when she was young. How do feet serve as a symbol for wealth and class in the novel? What are some ways today that women alter their appearance to signify these same social factors?
  11. On page 164, Moon tells Petal, “Our greatest glory is not in never falling but in rising every time we fall.” What is Moon trying to tell Petal? How might this aphorism apply to other characters in the novel?
  12. Newspaper accounts of the day reveal that Doctor Tong gave his wife a white poodle, and that it was one of the survivors—although injured—of the Night of Horrors. Moon wonders where her husband got the puppy. She even uses this question as a conversation starter at the New Year’s party at Dove’s apartment (page 181). This question fascinated Lisa from the first moment she read about the dog. How do you think a white poodle got to Los Angeles in 1870?
  13. In the novel, the Four Great Beauties are held up as paragons of womanhood. What is beauty? How do Moon, Petal, and Dove see themselves? What about Silver Shimmer? How do others see these women? Does this change over the course of the novel?
  14. Discuss the women who work in the Midnight Garden. Did your opinion of them change as you read the novel? What are your thoughts about Auntie Fong? How is the second group of women who come to work in the Midnight Garden the same or different from the first group?
  15. Dove, Moon, and Petal each has a gift or talent. What are they? How do these talents help them and/or help others?

Interviews

A CONVERSATION WITH LISA SEE

What inspired you to write Daughters of the Sun and Moon?

After the 1871 Chinese massacre, city fathers did everything they could to erase from the physical map and from the map of memory what had happened on the Night of Horrors. Instead, they promoted Los Angeles as a place of abundant sunshine, good health, open land, tolerance, and endless possibilities. (All of which are still selling points today.) My great-grandparents—a mixed-race couple when it was against the law for Chinese and whites to marry in California—moved to Los Angeles in 1897, believing, correctly, that the city would be safer for them and their children. So, in many ways, the Night of Horrors is part of my family’s origin story. But it was more than that…

As a writer, I’m known for writing about history that has been lost, forgotten, or deliberately covered up—especially when it comes to women’s history. This story ticked all those boxes for me. In 1870, a little over 5,000 people lived in Los Angeles. Of those, there were 180 Chinese, of which 34 were women and 1 child. I’ve spent years thinking about what it must have been like for those 34 women—who had grown up in a culture 5,000 years old—to be thrust into the dirty, violent, unsophisticated, and inhospitable pueblo that today is home to over four million people.

The characters in Daughters of the Sun and Moon are based on real women and men that lived in Los Angeles in the early 1870s. Can you share more about the real-life people at the basis of this story and why you chose Dove, Petal, and Moon as the focal point?

I was inspired by four real women who lived here in those days.

Dove was inspired by a young woman, whose name in real life was Yut Ho. She was brought here in an arranged marriage to a much older merchant, who the press described as being “hideously ugly.” She wasn’t here for very long before she was kidnapped and held captive for many months. Reporters at the time and scholars even today believe her kidnapping was the initial spark for what would come to be known as the Night of Horrors. I think of her as the Helen of Troy of the piece.

Petal is a composite of two women—Sing Ye and Sing Yu—who were sold by their families in China, brought here, and sold into prostitution. From the moment they got here, both women did everything they could to escape and find freedom.

Tong Yu was Doctor Chee Long “Gene” Tong’s wife and the inspiration for Moon. After her husband’s death during the Night of Horrors, she became one of the earliest Chinese women in the country to file a lawsuit.

Daughters of the Sun and Moon is split into five parts, each introduced by fictional newspaper clippings from the Los Angeles Gazette dating from 1870 – 1871. How does the media framing of each clipping narrate Dove, Petal, and Moon’s larger story?

Having the newspaper articles was a way of conveying what the Anglo population was thinking about the Chinese, the massacre, and the city—its history of violence and its dreams for the future.

Your family has lived in Los Angeles for 129 years. Although you were born in Paris, you came back to Los Angeles at six weeks old, and you consider yourself to be a fourth-generation Angeleno. Has your research into the Chinese Massacre of 1871 changed anything about your relationship to the city itself and your identity as an Angeleno?

Only in the sense that I now have a greater understanding of the blood that’s under our feet and the racism and intolerance that’s part of our past but also our present, not only here in Los Angeles but across the country. I truly believe that after the massacre members of the Los Angeles city council wanted the city to be viewed as a safe place. (Or to be more cynical about it, they would say and do anything to protect the burgeoning land boom.) But the idea that “this won’t happen again” falls apart when you consider the Watts Riots of 1965 and the 1992 riots in response to the verdicts in the Rodney King cases here in Los Angeles, or if you consider the meteoric rise in anti-Asian hate crimes or the reasons behind the Black Lives Matter movement, both occurring across the nation during the early years of the Covid-19 pandemic. And of course we mustn’t overlook the rounding up of immigrants—many of whom are here legally—by masked ICE agents today. All this is less about my relationship to Los Angeles than it is about the kinds of conversations I think we should be having as Americans.

The Chinese Massacre of 1871 was largely swept under the rug in an effort to attract new settlers to what was then a violent pueblo. Now, the 1871 Memorial Project is working to shed light on this forgotten piece of American history. What has working on the 1871 Memorial Project meant to you?

Being appointed by Mayor Eric Garcetti’s Civic Memory Working Group to participate in the initial discussions about the feasibility of a memorial, what shape it might take, and where it might be situated was a great honor. That work has carried over to serving on the 1871 Memorial Project board. I’m happy to report that the memorial will open to the public this year.

Dove is described in the author’s note as “a young wife, seen in the present as an object but from afar”, and she’s the only character whose story is told in the third person. Why is it important that Petal and Moon’s stories are told actively/reflectively through the first person, but Dove’s story is told from afar?

We often hear about women being objectified. In reading the contemporaneous accounts of the kidnapping of Yut Ho (the real woman on whom Dove is based), I was struck by how she was repeatedly described as an object: “an old man’s plaything,” “a pet lamb,” and so on. Then during her kidnapping, she was passed from person to person—and even taken to four courtrooms!—more like a package than a human being. I wanted to explore what having no volition would feel like and if there could be a way for her to find her voice and make her own choices.

With Petal—who’s a composite of two real women—I wanted to be in her shoes, in the moment, as she realizes her father has sold her, as she stands naked on a platform and is sold into prostitution, as she runs away to try to find freedom. Remember, this story starts five years after the end of the Civil War. Slavery has been outlawed. It’s enshrined in our Constitution. There was, however, one exception, and that was for the sale and ownership of Chinese women in the state of California.

Moon—who was inspired by Doctor Tong’s wife—is looking back on her life, which not only gives her perspective on what happened to her and what she witnessed, but I hoped it would also help readers understand the place and time differently than what they might have in their imaginations. In 1926, when Moon is telling her version of the events of 1870-71, there are cars, electricity, telephones, airplanes, radio, and movies. That’s the Los Angeles we’re all familiar with—not a tiny, dirty, and extremely violent town of just 5,000 people.

To help the women in the Midnight Garden, Petal grows traditional Chinese herbs in secret to share with Doctor Tong. How did you learn which herbs would be the most useful, and is it really possible that Petal could have grown these herbs here in America?

Happily, I already had at hand quite a bit of research on traditional Chinese medicine. My last novel, Lady Tan’s Circle of Women, is based on the life of Tan Yunxian—a woman doctor in the 15th century who wrote a book of her medical cases which is still in print today. I did a ton of research for that novel, which helped me tremendously with this one. For Daughters of the Sun and Moon, my research extended to what kinds of medicinal herbs could grow here in Southern California and would Petal be able to grow them on a small windowsill in the harshest of circumstances?

I was given a private tour of the Huntington Library’s Botanical Garden’s traditional Chinese herb garden, which was a huge help. Many herbs that are used in traditional Chinese medicine already grow here. (American ginseng, for example, has been an export from North America to China since 1720.) I chose five of the most common herbs used in remedies for women and tried to grow them myself. Let’s just say I’m not particularly known for having a green thumb, but that was a good thing in this instance. I dug up some dirt from a sorry corner of my garden to use as the soil, planted the seeds in pots, and put them on my kitchen windowsill in winter. There was no babying or special treatment. I failed with two and succeeded with three, which have now been moved into a nice sunny spot in my garden, where they’re thriving.

Moon is an interesting foil to Petal and Dove; she’s the oldest, the most educated, and the most assimilated to the city, though she never quite fits within the Chinese enclave or the larger American community. How does Moon’s status affect her trajectory and the lives of Petal and Dove?

In many ways Moon was the most challenging character to write. After all, there was a lot of newspaper coverage about the kidnapping of Dove (drawn by what happened to the real life Yut Ho) and plenty of court records and newspaper accounts about what happened to Petal (based on Sing Ye and Sing Yu). Only a couple of mentions about Doctor Tong’s wife have survived: that she was married to Doctor Tong, that she was one of only seventeen Chinese wives in the city, that she and her dog—a white poodle—survived the Night of Horrors, and that she filed a lawsuit against the tong leader whose actions she believed were responsible for the riot. I built her story around those few facts. What would it have been like to be married to the most prominent and respected Chinese in the city? How did a white poodle get to Los Angeles in 1870? And what happened to the lawsuit? The answers to those questions suggested that she had at least some education, that she was older than the other two women and so more experienced, and that she had the courage to file the lawsuit, making her one of the first Chinese women in the country to try to make the American legal system work for her.

Your novels frequently turn to lesser-known historical figures or events whose stories share deep ties to our contemporary moment. Can you speak more about why these kinds of stories fascinate and inspire you?

As I said earlier, I’m driven by history—particularly women’s history—that has been lost, forgotten, or deliberately covered up. Research for me is like a treasure hunt. I never know what I’m going to find or how it might change or influence the story I’m writing. Here’s an example, and it’s about a man. One of the most interesting characters in Daughters of the Sun and Moon is Robert M. Widney. He’s reputed to have been the city’s first real estate agent. He was a member of the Home Guard Vigilance Committee, which was responsible for many lynchings when the city’s citizens didn’t feel that the law was moving fast enough or fairly. That said, he saved many Chinese during the Night of Horrors and was a witness during the inquest and later the grand jury. Then—surprise!—he was appointed the judge for the massacre trials. Later, he became one of the founders of the University of Southern California. Here was a complex and complicated person, who was very much responsible for different ways—good and bad—that the city developed, but his early connection to vigilantism and the overturning of the massacre trial verdicts haunt his legacy to this day. Someone like Widney is fascinating to me and interesting to write about. It’s people like him—and the real women on whom the stories of Petal, Moon, and Dove are based—that inspire me to face a blank page and write.

What do you hope readers take away from this story?

First and foremost: that they’ve had a good read! After that, I hope they’ll come away with a renewed appreciation for friendship—how we make friends, how they sometimes disappoint us, what they bring to our lives, and what we get from these deep-heart relationships. I hope readers consider the history of Los Angeles in its early days and how those roots can be felt locally, nationally, and even internationally today. And last, but hardly least, that readers will think about what was happening to the Chinese in America in the 19th century and more specifically during the Night of Horrors in Los Angeles and how those events relate to what many immigrants are experiencing today in this country. Can we learn from our mistakes or are we doomed to repeat them?

Tea Tasting Kit

AVAILABLE MID-MAY 2026

Two Tasting kits were thoughtfully prepared to bring new insights and depth of experience to the readers of “Daughters of The Sun and Moon.” Lisa See and Linda Louie selected three exquisite teas to enhance your book discussion and expand your knowledge of tea.

The tasting kit includes:

  • Keemun Black Tea (10g)
  • Blooming Tea (2 bulbs)
  • White Dew Biscuit White Tea (2 packs)
  • A beautiful padded pouch
  • A pamphlet that includes:
    • Information about each tea
    • Brewing instructions for each tea
    • General tips for brewing a good cup of tea

The Book Club Tea Tasting Kit is designed to prepare tea for a group of 10–12 people. The included materials help participants understand the teas’ background and tasting notes, enhancing discussion alongside Lisa See’s Daughters of the Sun and Moon.

The Tea Tasting Kit for Individuals is designed for a single reader or a small group who would like to enjoy the teas referenced in Lisa See’s Daughters of the Sun and Moon. The brewing instructions are designed to make tea for 1–3 people.

Serving tip: For tea tasting, we recommend using small cups between 2–3 oz. Tea in a smaller cup cools more quickly, while still staying hot to taste well. Smaller portions also make it easier to compare multiple teas side by side without consuming too much tea.

 

Order the Tea-Tasting Kit

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

After the 1871 Chinese massacre, city fathers did everything they could to erase from the physical map and from the map of memory what had happened on the Night of Horrors. Instead, they promoted Los Angeles as a place of abundant sunshine, good health, open land, tolerance, and endless possibilities. (All of which are still selling points today.) My great-grandparents—a mixed-race couple when it was against the law for Chinese and whites to marry in California—moved to Los Angeles in 1897, believing, correctly, that the city would be safer for them and their children. So, in many ways, the Night of Horrors is part of my family’s origin story. But it was more than that…

As a writer, I’m known for writing about history that has been lost, forgotten, or deliberately covered up—especially when it comes to women’s history. This story ticked all those boxes for me. In 1870, a little over 5,000 people lived in Los Angeles. Of those, there were 180 Chinese, of which 34 were women and 1 child. I’ve spent years thinking about what it must have been like for those 34 women—who had grown up in a culture 5,000 years old—to be thrust into the dirty, violent, unsophisticated, and inhospitable pueblo that today is home to over four million people.

I was inspired by four real women who lived here in those days.

Dove was inspired by a young woman, whose name in real life was Yut Ho. She was brought here in an arranged marriage to a much older merchant, who the press described as being “hideously ugly.” She wasn’t here for very long before she was kidnapped and held captive for many months. Reporters at the time and scholars even today believe her kidnapping was the initial spark for what would come to be known as the Night of Horrors. I think of her as the Helen of Troy of the piece.

Petal is a composite of two women—Sing Ye and Sing Yu—who were sold by their families in China, brought here, and sold into prostitution. From the moment they got here, both women did everything they could to escape and find freedom.

Tong Yu was Doctor Chee Long “Gene” Tong’s wife and the inspiration for Moon. After her husband’s death during the Night of Horrors, she became one of the earliest Chinese women in the country to file a lawsuit.

Daughters of the Sun and Moon is split into five parts, each introduced by fictional newspaper clippings from the Los Angeles Gazette dating from 1870 – 1871. How does the media framing of each clipping narrate Dove, Petal, and Moon’s larger story?

Having the newspaper articles was a way of conveying what the Anglo population was thinking about the Chinese, the massacre, and the city—its history of violence and its dreams for the future.

Only in the sense that I now have a greater understanding of the blood that’s under our feet and the racism and intolerance that’s part of our past but also our present, not only here in Los Angeles but across the country. I truly believe that after the massacre members of the Los Angeles city council wanted the city to be viewed as a safe place. (Or to be more cynical about it, they would say and do anything to protect the burgeoning land boom.) But the idea that “this won’t happen again” falls apart when you consider the Watts Riots of 1965 and the 1992 riots in response to the verdicts in the Rodney King cases here in Los Angeles, or if you consider the meteoric rise in anti-Asian hate crimes or the reasons behind the Black Lives Matter movement, both occurring across the nation during the early years of the Covid-19 pandemic. And of course we mustn’t overlook the rounding up of immigrants—many of whom are here legally—by masked ICE agents today. All this is less about my relationship to Los Angeles than it is about the kinds of conversations I think we should be having as Americans.

Being appointed by Mayor Eric Garcetti’s Civic Memory Working Group to participate in the initial discussions about the feasibility of a memorial, what shape it might take, and where it might be situated was a great honor. That work has carried over to serving on the 1871 Memorial Project board. I’m happy to report that the memorial will open to the public this year.

We often hear about women being objectified. In reading the contemporaneous accounts of the kidnapping of Yut Ho (the real woman on whom Dove is based), I was struck by how she was repeatedly described as an object: “an old man’s plaything,” “a pet lamb,” and so on. Then during her kidnapping, she was passed from person to person—and even taken to four courtrooms!—more like a package than a human being. I wanted to explore what having no volition would feel like and if there could be a way for her to find her voice and make her own choices.

With Petal—who’s a composite of two real women—I wanted to be in her shoes, in the moment, as she realizes her father has sold her, as she stands naked on a platform and is sold into prostitution, as she runs away to try to find freedom. Remember, this story starts five years after the end of the Civil War. Slavery has been outlawed. It’s enshrined in our Constitution. There was, however, one exception, and that was for the sale and ownership of Chinese women in the state of California.

Moon—who was inspired by Doctor Tong’s wife—is looking back on her life, which not only gives her perspective on what happened to her and what she witnessed, but I hoped it would also help readers understand the place and time differently than what they might have in their imaginations. In 1926, when Moon is telling her version of the events of 1870-71, there are cars, electricity, telephones, airplanes, radio, and movies. That’s the Los Angeles we’re all familiar with—not a tiny, dirty, and extremely violent town of just 5,000 people.

Happily, I already had at hand quite a bit of research on traditional Chinese medicine. My last novel, Lady Tan’s Circle of Women, is based on the life of Tan Yunxian—a woman doctor in the 15th century who wrote a book of her medical cases which is still in print today. I did a ton of research for that novel, which helped me tremendously with this one. For Daughters of the Sun and Moon, my research extended to what kinds of medicinal herbs could grow here in Southern California and would Petal be able to grow them on a small windowsill in the harshest of circumstances?

I was given a private tour of the Huntington Library’s Botanical Garden’s traditional Chinese herb garden, which was a huge help. Many herbs that are used in traditional Chinese medicine already grow here. (American ginseng, for example, has been an export from North America to China since 1720.) I chose five of the most common herbs used in remedies for women and tried to grow them myself. Let’s just say I’m not particularly known for having a green thumb, but that was a good thing in this instance. I dug up some dirt from a sorry corner of my garden to use as the soil, planted the seeds in pots, and put them on my kitchen windowsill in winter. There was no babying or special treatment. I failed with two and succeeded with three, which have now been moved into a nice sunny spot in my garden, where they’re thriving.

In many ways Moon was the most challenging character to write. After all, there was a lot of newspaper coverage about the kidnapping of Dove (drawn by what happened to the real life Yut Ho) and plenty of court records and newspaper accounts about what happened to Petal (based on Sing Ye and Sing Yu). Only a couple of mentions about Doctor Tong’s wife have survived: that she was married to Doctor Tong, that she was one of only seventeen Chinese wives in the city, that she and her dog—a white poodle—survived the Night of Horrors, and that she filed a lawsuit against the tong leader whose actions she believed were responsible for the riot. I built her story around those few facts. What would it have been like to be married to the most prominent and respected Chinese in the city? How did a white poodle get to Los Angeles in 1870? And what happened to the lawsuit? The answers to those questions suggested that she had at least some education, that she was older than the other two women and so more experienced, and that she had the courage to file the lawsuit, making her one of the first Chinese women in the country to try to make the American legal system work for her.

As I said earlier, I’m driven by history—particularly women’s history—that has been lost, forgotten, or deliberately covered up. Research for me is like a treasure hunt. I never know what I’m going to find or how it might change or influence the story I’m writing. Here’s an example, and it’s about a man. One of the most interesting characters in Daughters of the Sun and Moon is Robert M. Widney. He’s reputed to have been the city’s first real estate agent. He was a member of the Home Guard Vigilance Committee, which was responsible for many lynchings when the city’s citizens didn’t feel that the law was moving fast enough or fairly. That said, he saved many Chinese during the Night of Horrors and was a witness during the inquest and later the grand jury. Then—surprise!—he was appointed the judge for the massacre trials. Later, he became one of the founders of the University of Southern California. Here was a complex and complicated person, who was very much responsible for different ways—good and bad—that the city developed, but his early connection to vigilantism and the overturning of the massacre trial verdicts haunt his legacy to this day. Someone like Widney is fascinating to me and interesting to write about. It’s people like him—and the real women on whom the stories of Petal, Moon, and Dove are based—that inspire me to face a blank page and write.

First and foremost: that they’ve had a good read! After that, I hope they’ll come away with a renewed appreciation for friendship—how we make friends, how they sometimes disappoint us, what they bring to our lives, and what we get from these deep-heart relationships. I hope readers consider the history of Los Angeles in its early days and how those roots can be felt locally, nationally, and even internationally today. And last, but hardly least, that readers will think about what was happening to the Chinese in America in the 19th century and more specifically during the Night of Horrors in Los Angeles and how those events relate to what many immigrants are experiencing today in this country. Can we learn from our mistakes or are we doomed to repeat them?